Writer Purpose in Rhetoric and Composition

In composition, the term purpose refers to a persons reason for writing, such as to inform, entertain, explain, or persuade. Also known as the aim or writing purpose. Successfully settling on a purpose requires defining, redefining, and continually clarifying your goal, says Mitchell Ivers. Its an ongoing process, and the act of writing can alter your original purpose (Random House Guide to Good Writing, 1993). Examples and Observations Lee Clark JohnsWriters often confuse their business purpose (or the problem to be solved) with their writing purpose. The business purpose is the issue they are addressing; the writing purpose is why they are writing the document. If they focus only on the business purpose, they easily fall into the trap of telling the story of what happened. Readers usually want to know what you learned, not what you did. Responding to Questions About Purpose Joy WingerskyAs a writer, you must decide what your  writing purpose is and match your point of view to that purpose. Do you want to sound more authoritative or more personal? Do you want to inform or entertain? Do you want to remain distant or get close to your reader? Do you want to sound more formal or informal? Answering these questions will determine your point of view and give you greater control over a writing situation. Seven Purposes John SeelyWe use language for a wide variety of purposes, which include communicating information and ideas, and when we speak or write, it is helpful to reflect on what our main purposes are: To InteractAn important function of language is to help us get on with other people, to interact. . . . This kind of language use is sometimes referred to--dismissively--as small talk. . . . Yet interacting with others forms an important part of most peoples lives and the ability to talk to people one does not know . . . is a valuable social skill.To InformEvery day of our lives we communicate information and ideas to other people. . . . Writing or speaking to inform needs to be clear and this means not only knowing the facts, but also being aware of the needs of your audience.To Find OutNot only do we use language to inform, we also use it to find out information. The ability to ask questions and then follow them up with further enquiries is very important in both work and leisure. . . .To InfluenceWhether I look at life as a private individual, as a worker, or as a citizen, it is important that I should be aware of when others are trying to influence me, and of how they are trying to do it. . . .To RegulateAdvertisers and politicians may try to persuade us of the rightness of a particular course of action; kegislators tell us what to do. They use language to regulate our actions. . . .To EntertainFortunately language isnt all work. There is also play. And the playful use of language is both important and widespread. . . .To RecordThe previous six purposes all presuppose an audience other than the speaker or writer. There is one use, however, that does not. It is predominately a purpose for writing, although it can be spoken. In many different situations we need to make a record of something . . . so that it is not forgotten. Purpose in Analytical Essays Robert DiYanni and Pat C. Hoy IIThe purposes for writing analytical essays vary, but primarily these essays give readers a chance to see the results of rigorous analytical work that you have done as part of the drafting. That work usually depends on the critical reading, questioning, and interpretation of a text of some kind. The process of that reading, questioning, and interpreting is less evident in the analytical essay than in the exploratory essay, but the process is reflected indirectly by the way you establish relationships between the text you have read and what you have to say about that text, between your evidence and your claim. Communicating With a Reader Ilona LekiIn recent writing instruction, purpose for writing has become a central focus. Many classrooms now include, for example, unevaluated writing journals in which students can freely explore topics of personal interest to them and from which they may select entries to develop into full essays (Blanton, 1987; Spack Sadow, 1983). Writing on topics selected in this manner goes a long way toward ensuring the kind of internal motivation for writing which presumably results in the commitment to task which, in turn, is thought to help writing and language improve. But the immediate purpose for writing about a particular subject is neither language nor even writing improvement. It is, rather, a more natural purpose, i.e., communication with a reader about something of personal significance to the writer.

My Mission At Woodley Road Pre School - 1310 Words

School Mission Our mission here at Woodley Road pre-school is to provide a high quality structured educational program to children and families around the ages three to five years old. We are here to insoire and support all families educational and early childhood care and needs. Our focus is to offer a educational program that will promote each child developmental needs. School Vision We are lead by a supportive and caring administrator and staff. We offer students an opportunity to learn and develop in a creative environment. Our vision is to help support learning to each individual child we come in contact with. The Creative Curriculum for Preschool: Five Components form a frame work that is applied in each of the classroom interest†¦show more content†¦Children ability to form positive relationships with adults is important to their social development and academic success. Relationships not only provide a content for learning but they also affects the physical structure of the brain. Nurturing and positive interaction release chemicals that helps promote brain development. The quality of those relationships predicts children social- emotional competence, enthusiasm for learning and academic success. High quality social interactions helps benefit all children regardless of family or economic background, and they are associated with the positive development of literacy and other academic skills. Warm supportive relationships encourage children’s motivation engagement, self direction cooperation and positive attitudes toward school. Social- Emotional Competence â€Å"During the first six years, children are challenged by the conflicts of trust vs. mistrust†(). Newer research has established compelling links between social- emotional development, behavior and school success. Emotional understanding is critical to positive social relationships and peer acceptance. Children who can interpret emotional signals accurately are more likely to become angry and aggressive. The more adults acknowledge childrens emotional reactions and explain emotionals signals, the better children become at interpreting them. Strategies to help guide social-emotional competence includes: †¢ Provide play materials that support

The Importance of Small Enterprises in the United States

Many people want to live the â€Å"American Dream†, and what better way to do that than to start a small business. Small businesses are incredibly important to the United States economy. Small businesses have been around from the beginning of the history of the U.S. and remain a large portion of the business community today. Small businesses are the driving force for job creation. Small businesses struggle to meet regulations set in place by the government and at the same time stay afloat in the U.S. economy. There are strict size standards set in place that make small business owners weary of expanding the amount of people they employ. Small business owners also struggle with offering healthcare to their employees. Small businesses try to stay ahead by introducing new and unique products. In an ever-changing economy, it is important to understand the impact of small businesses in the United States. Small business has always had an impact on the economy of the United St ates. Small businesses were the most common businesses in the first century of the established country. Antitrust laws such as the Sherman Act and the Clayton Act were put into effect in order to protect small businesses from big businesses taking over (Blackford, 2003). Over time, as businesses grew, there was an emergence of large firms. Even with the expansion of these larger businesses, small businesses continued to exist. The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) was created in 1953 by CongressShow MoreRelatedChapter One Of Esty And Winston’S Research Novel, â€Å"Green1081 Words   |  5 Pagesof the depletion of natural resources. In the past, companies were viewed as simple money-making enterprises; their only purpose was to provide goods and services to the masses. They were held to virtually no responsibilities to the public outside of that goal. In recent year, however, the viewpoint on a company’s duty to both local and global community has immens ely shifted. 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Effective management of enterprises, management of a companyRead MoreCapitalism And The Need For Rebellion And Protest1731 Words   |  7 Pagesdedication to the idea that trade and consumption are the ultimate source to obtain a fulfilled life. Societies were transforming and the creation of the consumer, the role of the laborer, the rise of the capital controller and the creation of the nation state brought forth the the new global economic system and culture. The culture of capitalism spread like wildfire, affecting many different components of society. The effect it has on the different components of society can be seen in the greater socialRead MoreRole Of Government As An Entrepreneurial Environment1528 Words   |  7 Pagesmore with the task or the facilitate environment in which opportunities are identified and realized. A proper study of entrepreneurship policy could examine various conditions in alternative environments at different levels- the individual, the enterprise, the industrial sector, a cluster or network of firms, the region, the country and even across national geographical boundaries† (Audretsch, Keilbach and Lehmann, 2006). Features of Entrepreneurial policy: †¢ Mode of effective entrepreneurs †¢ Continuous

The Critical Analysis Of Sun Tzu s The Art Of War

The Critical Analysis of Sun Tzu’s the Art of War Introduction The leadership is an art which is based on invention, determination, irony, and a reflective identity (Grint, 2000). The Sun Tzu’s the Art of War is an ancient remaining military piece in the world and often considered the best. This book has powerful principles of human behavior and rules of conduct for military leaders. It also enumerates philosophies of war and how to win battles in any situation. The maxims of a Chinese legionnaires who lived more than 2000 years ago can help modern businesses be more successful (Business Horizons, 1994, p. 1). The Art of War has a theme that is surrounded to every other theme, especially in respect to knowing self and opposition. The Art of War Strategic Leadership Principles and Thinking If we can understand first few chapters of the Art of War, then we will learn many characteristics to apply to our strategic leadership. 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Polaroid Corporation Free Essays

Polaroid | Why Polaroid failed Polaroid | Background Information 1937 | founded by Edwin Land first to switch to colored dyes 1948 | launch of instant film cameras first only brand within its category 1982 | Edwin Land left the company early 90s | introduction of digital cameras Oct 2001 | couldn‘t compete with digital cameras filed a bankrupcy Consumer Centric Marketing | Why Polaroid failed? 2 Polaroid | Edwin Land Factory of innovation 535 patents Block-buster creator House Genius Edwin Land centric company Product-oriented Showman Marketing is what you do when your product is not good† Consumer Centric Marketing | Why Polaroid failed? 3 Polaroid | Contextualizing Competitive Advantage competitiveness level market orientation sales orientation product orientation production orientation until mid 80s supply demand supply = demand supply demand 4 innovative excellence first mover cult status brand identity Consumer Centric Marketing | Why Polaroid failed? Polaroid | Changes in the market competitiveness level market orientation mid 80s onwards sales orientation product orientation production orientation rices for conventional cameras drop 1-hour-photo shops emerge home computers digital cameras supply demand 5 supply demand supply = demand Consumer Centric Marketing | Why Polaroid failed? Polaroid | Reactions Cause of Failure Polaroid stayed product-centric Failed to anticipate market changes implications Ignored opportunity despite having technological expertise fixated on Polaroids „As electronic imaging becomes more prevalent, there remains a basic human need for a permanent visual recordâ€Å" Reaction to changes too slow Loss of key brand asset competitive advantages Consumer Centric Marketing | Why Polaroid failed? 6 Polaroid | Loss of Competitive Advantage limited interactivity (social network etc. ) lack of convenience (10 pics at a time) expensive compared to digital cameras emergence of instant printing shops. brand identity adopted by digital camera competitors Polaroid nowadays perceived as ‚artsy‘ ‚retro‘ Consumer Centric Marketing | Why Polaroid failed? 7 Polaroid | Way Around It Conclusion Polaroid could have branded digital products as a logical extensions of its instant range if they had anticipated the changes early enough and reacted accordingly Concentrate on product brand value rather than products technology Keep up with the market trends Anticipate future changes implications Satisfy a need â€Å"camera should go beyond amusement and record making to become a continuous partner of most human beings†¦ a new eye, a second memory. We will write a custom essay sample on Polaroid Corporation or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å" (Land) Consumer Centric Marketing | Why Polaroid failed? 8 Polaroid | Sources Arvidson, Erik, „Polaroid Historyâ€Å", retrieved from http://www. how. com/info_8730013_polaroidhistory. html Camerapedia. wikia. com, http://camerapedia. wikia. com/wiki/Polaroid, viewed Oct 6th 2012 Haig, Matt (2011), „Brand Failures: The Truth About the 100 Biggest Branding Mistakes of All Time† Polaroid. com, http://www. polaroid. com/about-us, viewed Oct 7th 2012 Smith, Andrea Nagy (November 2009), „What was Polaroid thining? â€Å", in: Behavioral Research, A publication of the Yale School Of Management, retrieved from http://qn. som. yale. edu/content/what-waspolaroid-thinking Consumer Centric Marketing | Why Polaroid failed? 9 How to cite Polaroid Corporation, Essay examples

Will Moller Analysis free essay sample

As a result, those athletes are looked down upon for cheating the game and the fans. Nonetheless, people fail to understand the outside factors that influence great athletes such as Barry Bonds and Ben Johnson to use performance enhancing drugs. In his May 5, 2009 article â€Å"Those Who Live in Glass Houses† Will Moller, blog writer for The Yankees $, argues that that performance-enhancing drugs should be permissible because the majority of good professional baseball players are forced to take steroids and such, as a result of baseball fans placing players on a pedestal to perform beyond their capacity. Moller makes a good point that fans have some responsibility for athletes cheating because of the pressure fans place on them to perform at an enormously high level; however, there are other responsible parties as well, including coaches, players, and the NCAA drug policy system as a whole. One of the primary reasons for athletes using performance-enhancing drugs is because of the fans animalistic desire for great entertainment. This actually causes athletes to want to perform at the highest level possible and stand out as great icons to the fans. To support his implication, Moller uses the pathos appeal, as he presents an analogy, of his personal experience as a student who was forced to use Ritalin because he struggled with the rigorous and competitive academic work assigned to him. Moller’s reaction to his choice was that he â€Å"did what [he] felt [he] needed to do, to accomplish the goal that was demanded† from him, despite understanding the â€Å"serious side effects, magnifying [his] senses in a very negative way. Nonetheless, academic success outweighed the bad side effects. Similarly, college and professional athletes are placed on a pedestal that urges them to accomplish success, win championships, and set unbreakable records. He also appeals to reasoning by recognizing that athletes should not be severely misjudged as cheaters for using performance enhancing drug use because they wish to perform better for their fans. There are other outside factors that also pressure players to cheat. Coaches’ extreme pressure towards their players to perform at a high level indirectly encourages athletes to use steroids and develop more strength. Notre Dame coach Lou Holtz was believed to be a primary cause for his players using anabolic steroids during the late 1980’s and early 1990’s. Steve Huffman, a former linebacker, claimed coach Holtz â€Å"put [him] in this situation† because he once criticized the injured star during a team speech by stating that Huffman â€Å"let everybody in this room down if [he] quit. † In addition, Holtz threatened to rescind Huffman’s scholarship and showed no remorse or care for Huffman and the rest of the players during the losing season. Coaches who exert a strong mental toughness are perceived as good leaders who may lead their team to overall success. However, fans and the media do not recognize that tough love can have a burden on players, physically and emotionally. A coach, who constantly scolds players instead of guiding them, is tortuously leading players to use performance-enhancing drugs in hope of easing the burden and accomplishing what everyone around them selfishly wants. Coach Holtz practiced such coaching methods and as a result, school officials admitted that during the 1986 season five players tested positive for anabolic steroid use. Aside from coaches, the weak NCAA drug policy system also influences players to cheat. The use of performance-enhancing drugs is undeniably much more prevalent than it is generally acknowledged to be because of the weak policy regulations. Welch Suggs, an American collegiate sportswriter for The Chronicle of Higher Education, claims steroid use is rampant among college-level players. A senate panel spoke to a former college football athlete, who choose to remain anonymous, claimed that despite gaining twenty pounds and dropping his 40-yard dash time to 4. 5 seconds, his coaches urged him and many other players to gain even more weight and become stronger. People may be asking themselves how players are able to avoid the NCAA random drug policy tests. The former college football star argues that â€Å"the policy is weak, however, and fairly predictable, with the drug tests falling in roughly the same period of time every year† (Suggs). The weak enforcement gives athletes a greater motivation to begin using performance-enhancing drugs. Don Catlin, a professor of molecular and medical pharmacology at UCLA, oversees and examines drug testing for the NCAA and believes it is not â€Å"aggressive enough, but that’s society and the mind-set. The dollars just aren’t there† (Suggs). Fans, coaches, the NCAA, and society as a whole are responsible for encouraging cheating and drug use. People are not taking the matter seriously and as a result, steroids and other drugs are easily available for athletes to purchase online, in the streets, or maybe even from their coaches. In fact, Charles Grassley, the former Iowa Republican chairman of the caucus, showed the NCAA senate panel online auctions on eBay for Winstrol and Dianabol, which are commonly prescribed steroids. Ultimately, the fact that drug testing policies are so weak is practically asking players to use performance-enhancing drugs and cheat the game. Fans, coaches, and the weak NCAA drug policy may influence players to use steroids, but the ultimate decision is left to the athlete. Just as everyone is responsible for their choices, players must decide whether they wish to cheat, just as Moller had. The option to cheat in academics or sports is easily available, despite most people not realizing it. In a March 1st, 2010 blog in Sports Illustrated, â€Å"Cheating and CHEATING† writer Joe Posnanski argues that the beautiful game of baseball and other sports has always existed, despite people claiming that it has not or that baseball has become corrupt due to steroid and amphetamine use. He begins by introducing author Pete Hamill, a novelist, who believes that the game of baseball was at its finest, prior to performance enhancing drug use. To develop his argument, Posnanski concedes to the opposition first by praising Pete Hamill’s romantic novels and later criticizes Hamill’s willful self-deception by naively believing that drug use is not common in America and American baseball, as a means of cheating. Posnanski understand that baseball like all other sports â€Å"was never innocent, that America was never innocent, that innocence itself was never innocent† (Posnanski). Posnanski concedes first to show his respect by demonstrating his own character. In doing this, he is able to highlight the significant accomplishments in baseball history that have occurred due to amphetamine usage. In addition, Posnanski claims that steroids are much more readily available today than in the past. But cheating has always existed, in all forms. The fans, the coaches, and the NCAA itself are all responsible for willful self-deception as well, for having influenced players to begin using performance-enhancing drugs but believing steroid use is not rampant in college-level and professional sports. Fans are not entirely responsible for athletes cheating in college-level and professional sports. However they are one of many factors that contribute to players using performance-enhancing drugs. Athletes, fans, coaches, and the weak NCAA dug policy and enforcement may all determine an athlete’s choice to cheat; however, the players themselves must be accountable for their choices. Illicit drug use has negative side effects that can be harmful to athletes. But the desire to perform at a high level, break scoring records, win games, and championships is an always tempting just as it is to get an A on an exam. Works Cited Huffman, Steve. â€Å"I Deserve My Turn. † Sports Illustrated. Time Inc. , 27 Aug. 1990. Web. 14 Nov. 2012 Moller, Will. â€Å"Those Who Live in Glass Houses. † The Yankees $. N. p. , 5 May, 2009. Web. 14 Nov. 2012 Posnanski, Joe. â€Å"Cheating and CHEATING. † Sports Illustrated. Time Inc. , 1 Mar. 2010. Web. 14 Nov. 2012 Suggs, Welch. â€Å"Steroids Are Rampant Among College Athletes, a Senate Panel Is Told. † The Chronicle of Higher Education. 50. 46 (2004): A33. ProQuest. Web. 14 Nov. 2012

With reference to two or three episodes, explore Shakespeares dramatic use and presentation of Caliban Essay Example

With reference to two or three episodes, explore Shakespeares dramatic use and presentation of Caliban? Essay Shakespeare presents and uses Caliban in a number of different episodes in a way that leaves his character open to different interpretations depending on the audience. In Act 1 scene 2, we are first introduced to Caliban as being a slave, Slave! Caliban! It soon becomes clear that Caliban is a true native of the island, and was there long before Prospero, yet Prospero came and made it his island by abusing Calibans knowledge, This islands minewhich thou takst from me (Caliban)I showed thee all the qualities o the isle Calibans native status on the island, yet forced servitude, may be a symbol of the native cultures occupied and suppressed by European colonial societies which in the play are represented by Prospero and his power. Shakespeare uses this as way to engage the audience with Caliban, as they can relate to something they have heard about or are familiar with. We will write a custom essay sample on With reference to two or three episodes, explore Shakespeares dramatic use and presentation of Caliban? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on With reference to two or three episodes, explore Shakespeares dramatic use and presentation of Caliban? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on With reference to two or three episodes, explore Shakespeares dramatic use and presentation of Caliban? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To an Elizabethan audience, the fact that Caliban is given a voice, in that he tells his side of the story and feelings about being suppressed cursed be that I did so is very radical as he is a monster and a captured native and therefore has no rights. To a modern audience however, we can see that Calibans enslavement may be very unjust. However, in the same way that Caliban is given a voice, he is cursed for doing so Thou most lying slave. A modern audience could (as said above) sympathise with Caliban, however we are given another point of view by Prospero, in that Prospero did not treat Caliban unkindly I have used theewith human care and lodged thee in mine own cell, and therefore although Shakespeare briefly gives Caliban a voice, it is Prospero who has the final word in the argument of how the island came to be his and therefore Caliban is presented again as being below humans in that his argument is not valid. Despite this, we have only been given two opinions of what really happened, and so we may not know the truth. Shakespeare therefore includes Miranda, the pillar of everything that is good, also expression of her feelings about Caliban. The fact that Miranda is caring, kind, and appears to have no negative qualities may lead us to believe that her opinions of a character will be fair and correct. Miranda herself calls Caliban an Abhorred slave and therefore this suggests that Caliban is truly evil. This point is reflected in the same episode as Calibans evil traits are shown immediately. We are informed very early on in The Tempest that Caliban tried to rape Miranda thou (Caliban) did seek to violate the honour of my child (Miranda) and instead of showing contrition, he says that he wishes he would have been able to finish the deed, thou didst prevent me. The fact that Shakespeare uses examples of what Caliban did that was evil (rape), and also by giving descriptions of how ugly Caliban is both modern and Elizabethan audiences can see that Caliban is evil. To an Elizabethan audience, the fact that Caliban is presented as being a freckled whelp hag-born, not honoured with human shape, means that they believe he is evil, as the outward appearance reflects what is inside, and it also again justifies the fact that Caliban is treated as a slave due to the fact that Caliban is an animal and hence below humans which rationalizes Prosperos treatment of him. The language used by Shakespeare when talking about or describing Caliban is not just used to make him sound grotesque, but to make him sound evilly ugly. For example hag-born got by the devil himself. This has the effect of making Caliban sound even to a modern audience not only hideous, but evil. However interpretations of Caliban may differ when it comes to analysing the fact that Caliban appears only fluent in curses, A south-west blow on ye, and blister you all oer All the charms of Sycoraxon you. To an Elizabethan audience this proves his barbaric tendencies, and therefore shows that he is evil, as even after Miranda pitied thee (Caliban)took pains to make thee speak, taught thee each hour, Caliban merely says that you taught me language, and my profit ont is I know how to curse. This shows that although time is spent teaching Caliban how to speak, the only thing he learns is how to curse. To an Elizabethan audience, this would prove how evil Caliban is the reason he is only fluent in curses is because he is evil to the core and so cannot learn any other language. Abhorred slavewhich any print of goodness wilt not take. The only parts of the language that remain in his mind are those which allow him to curse and this therefore shows he is capable of no goodness. In this instance Shakespeare presents Caliban in such a way that will allow an Elizabethan audience to justify the fact that Prospero treats Caliban as a slave, as Prospero tired his best to educate and civilise Caliban, but failed, and therefore proved Caliban can be nothing but evil, meaning he cannot be anything better than a slave he deserves enslavement. A modern audience however may hold a different interpretation of Caliban based on the fact that he uses the language he was taught only to curse. We may believe that Caliban is fluent in curses because that is what he hears most often. Shakespeare includes a number of examples of Prospero cursing Caliban, tonight thou shalt haveside stitches that shall pen thy breath up Ill rack thee with old cramps. Each time that Prospero addresses Caliban, he includes curses, and therefore Caliban will be constantly subjected to curses, meaning that it becomes the most common language to him and therefore it can be said that he is merely repeating what he hears. Hence Shakespeare presents Caliban in such a way that differs depending on the moral beliefs of the audience. Shakespeares presentation of Caliban as being evil not capable of being anything other than evil is perhaps more believably shown in Act 4 scene 1, where Prospero is alone on stage, and therefore has no reason to lie about what Caliban is really like, yet his description of Caliban is still very negative, a born devil, on whose nature nurture can never stick; on whom my painslost. Therefore Shakespeare is presenting Caliban as being inevitably evil due to the fact that he is a born devil and that no amount of teaching will stop him from being evil. The fact that it is said as a soliloquy may suggest that this is a real and honest portrayal of Caliban and therefore this is the description of Caliban that Shakespeare may wish an audience to believe. One of Shakespeares main uses of Caliban is as a comparative device in that he contrasts or mirrors qualities in the other characters in the play. In Act 1, in his first speech to Prospero, Caliban insists that Prospero stole the island from him, which closely links to the situation Prospero was in when his brother usurped his dukedom, and therefore Caliban may mirror Prospero in this way. However, conversely he also mirrors Antonio, as his desire to get the island back mirrors the lust for power that led Antonio to overthrow Prospero. Perhaps more in a more complex way, Caliban can be compared to Antonio and Sebastian, in that they are each developing and attempting to carry out plots to kill a divine ruler. In the case of Caliban he wished to kill Prospero, and Antonio and Sebastian are trying to kill Alonso. The plots are the same; however Shakespeare takes a completely different angle on each of the plots. In Act 2 scene 2, Caliban plans to have Trinculo and Stephano kill Prospero and therefore the plot is made comical. The drunken men joke about what they are doing and the scene is made ridiculous by Ariels invisibility as, when he speaks, Caliban, Stephano and Trinculo are not aware of who is speaking, Why, I said nothing and blame each other. In Act 4 scene 1, when the murder is attempted to be carried out, the scene is again made ridiculous by Trinculo and Stephano trying on extravagant and stupid gowns, and hence although the plots of murder are the same to kill a divine leader Calibans plot is presented as being trivial and therefore reflects on Caliban that he cannot have sincere feelings in plotting to kill, he is just doing it instinctively. It also presents Caliban as being stupid again as he is trusting Trinculo and Stephano to carry out the murder even though they are too busy trying on clothes heres a garment for t. However it is perhaps Caliban that has the most valid reason to kill someone, as Prospero curses Caliban and we can see how he fears Prospero because of this we shall lose our time and all be turned to barnacles, he also feels that his island was stolen from him and was unfairly enslaved by Prospero, and therefore wants his revenge by killing Prospero. However Shakespeare uses the stupidity of Trin culo and Stephano to make the plot seem unplanned and hence just an instinctive plan of Caliban who is therefore shown to be like an animal. Caliban is also used to show the severity, and evil tendencies in Sebastian and Antonio. If Caliban is shown to be an animal because of the instinctive qualities of the murder plot and because he shows no guilt in wanting to kill Prospero, then Antonio and Sebastian are themselves animals, and as evil as the son of a witch, as they are planning to kill Alonso merely so that they can have more power, not because Alonso has done anything to hurt them, and therefore they are just as bad as a demonic monster. Not only that but they have nothing to excuse themselves with as they were brought up in a royal society and therefore with the correct upbringing, yet they are still as evil as a monster. Hence Shakespeare uses Caliban as a way to emphasise how truly evil Sebastian and Antonio are. The opposite can be said about Miranda. Even though Caliban is an evil, un-teachable monster, Miranda spent time trying to teach Caliban how to speak. In Act 1 scene 2 it shows how she endowed thy purposes with words that made them known, and therefore Caliban is used as a way to show how good Miranda is in that she could see Caliban was a thing most brutish but yet spent hours of her time teaching a monster to speak. Caliban can also be compared to Ariel. Not only does this more clearly show the qualities of each of the characters, but it allows us to learn more about the truth of Calibans character and help us to understand why he is that way. For example, the opinion could be taken (by the modern audience) that Caliban is treated very unfairly and that his evil tendencies for example, rape, are a result of growing up without parents and in an isolated place with no real society to guide him to make the right decisions, and learn what is acceptable or not. However, Ariel has also lived on the same island, in the same conditions, without the influence of parents or society, yet is obedient, gentle, and has not turned vicious or violent even though he has great power and could potentially overthrow Prospero. Ariel has been held captive by Prospero and not been set free, and therefore has the potential to despise Prospero as much as Caliban, yet he does not, he remains a faithful servant, masternoble masterwhat shall I do? Say what. Whereas Caliban is coarse resentful, and brutish, described as hag-seed, poisonous and most lying slave, Ariel remains delicate, refined and gracious, and is described in the character listing as an airy spirit. Hence it cannot be argued that the circumstances and lack of social influence is what has made Caliban evil, as Ariel still remains an obedient servant. Instead, an Elizabethan audience could see this point as a reflection of original sin that Caliban was born evil which is supported by the fact that he is the son of a witch (Sycorax), and therefore Caliban is inevitably evil. This may be supported by Prosperos soliloquy in Act 4 scene 1, in that he says, As with age his body uglier grows, so his mind cankers, which reflects that fact that as he is getting older, he is becoming more evil, and to an Elizabethan audience this emphasises the fact that he is inevitably evil, and as he grows, he is becoming the evil monster he was born to be. On the other hand Caliban could be partly excused for his becoming more evil, as it seems what affects him most, is fear of Prospero. When Caliban is alone at the beginning of Act 2 scene 2, we can see the many ways in which he is cursed, they bite mesometime am I all wound with adders whohiss me into madness we can also see his fear of being cursed by Prospero when he hears Trinculo approaching, here comes a spirit of histo torment me for bringing wood in slowly. Ill fall flat. In this way Shakespeare presents Caliban not as being an evil, fearless monster, but as being afraid of what Prospero will do to him for being too slow in collecting wood, and therefore hides. This shows perhaps a more innocent side of Caliban, but still Shakespeare includes Calibans cursing of Prospero at the beginning of this speech to balance out the perhaps more gentle qualities shown of Caliban further on in the speech, so that he is not presented as being fully kind, and with human qualities. Caliban also becomes a parody of himself. In Act 1 scene 2, Caliban is shown as severely regretting how he showed Prospero all the ins and outs of the island when Prospero first arrived. However only a few scenes later in Act 2 scene 2, we see Caliban drunk and saying how he wishes to serve Stephano, Thou shalt be lord of it (the island) and Ill serve thee. In this way we can see that perhaps Caliban has not learnt from his mistakes. Shakespeare uses similar language when Caliban is speaking to Trinculo and Stephano, to the reported story of how Prospero stole the island from Caliban is Act 1 scene 2. For example in Act 2 scene 2, Caliban says to Trinculo and Stephano Ill show thee every fertile inch o th island, and in Act 1 scene 2, Caliban says that he showed thee (Prospero) all the qualities o th islebarren place and fertile. However when talking about what he did for Prospero he curses that he showed Prospero the island, as now Caliban is no longer the ruler of it, cursed be tha t I did so. This shows how Caliban is doing exactly the same again, he does not realise that even if he kills or overthrows Prospero, that someone else will be the ruler of the island. In this way, Caliban is a confusing character, as he wishes Stephano to be the lord of the island, and to serve him, yet on the contrary he complains and curses that the island was stolen from him, which was first mine own king, and therefore Shakespeare presents Caliban as being truly a monster, as he does not realise that he is merely repeating what he did with Prospero, or he is ambiguously presented in that it is unclear what Caliban truly wants, or is trying to do. Shakespeare uses Trinculo and Stephano in Act 3 scene 2 to remind the audience of how much a monster Caliban is. Every time either Trinculo or Stephano speak to, or about Caliban, they include some reference to him being a monster. Monsieur Monstermoon calfignorant monsterpoor monster. This allows us to see how Caliban is still not human, and is still a monster, however the way that Trinculo and Stephano interact with Caliban, and do not appear frightened of him at all, also allows us to see Calibans real character that is to say that Caliban is perhaps not as frightening and demonic as Prospero describes him to be and hence Shakespeare is presenting Caliban in a different way. For example the two men share their drink with Caliban, servant-monster, drink to me, and in Act 2 scene 2 Trinculo shows he is not afraid of Caliban, as he spends time describing how hideous Caliban is, a man or a fish? Dead or alive? he smells like a fish, but then Shakespeare shows us him climbing under the coat with Caliban almost for protection, my best way is to creep under his gabardineI will here shroud till the dregs of the storm be past. Due to this, we can see that Shakespeare is presenting Caliban to look like a monster, but perhaps not to be as frightening as a monster. This point is echoed by the fact that the audience does not ever actually see the frightening side of Caliban for example we never see him terrorising the island or more specifically raping Miranda, and so perhaps we do not know Calibans real character. Shakespeare may use this so that the audience cannot make a proper conclusion of what he is like and therefore cannot fully hate him or believe his is truly evil which then allows the audience to engage with Caliban, whereas if we were shown examples of Caliban being evil and were not given any other reason to believe he would be anything other than evil, the audience would not have any connection with Caliban, and so he would not be an effective character. In the same way, we can also see that Caliban possesses another human quality for the audience to engage with in that he fears what Prospero may do to him if he is caught doing something wrong. For instance, as soon as Caliban meets Trinculo and Stephano, he fears that they are spirits sent by Prospero, and shows his fear the spirit torments medo not torment me prithee. Ill bring my wood home faster. Shakespeare again uses this as a way to demonstrate to the audience that they can relate to him, even though he is a monster. Caliban also shows a nobler and more sensitive side in his speeches about his island home, the isle is full of noises, sounds and sweet airs that give delight and hurt not, shows the audience that Caliban is a true native of the island, and understands the true magic of it and therefore the audience can sympathise with Caliban, as we can see that he is not completely evil, as Shakespeare presents him as having affectionate feelings about certain things. Shakespeare also presents Caliban as being too trusting, and trusting of the wrong people. For example, he trusts Trinculo and Stephano as soon as he realises they are humans and not spirits of Prospero. He is willing to serve them, These be fine thingsI will kneel to himIll swear myself thy subject, and show them the island, Ill show thee the best springs, and trusts them with his protection, I prithee be my god, yet knows nothing about them except that they are human. This point is also emphasised by that fact that the whole time Caliban is saying how he will serve them, Trinculo and Stephano are making jokes about him, I shall laugh myself to death at this puppy I could find it in my heart to beat him. Shakespeare does this to allow the audience to see this aspect of Calibans character in that he not only trusts Trinculo and Stephano, but that he wishes to serve the two idiots just as he did with Prospero, and therefore shows (as said previously) that he does not learn from his mistakes, but also he wants to be of use to someone by choice. He willingly offers to get thee wood enough to Trinculo and Stephano, and thus perhaps Shakespeare is showing the audience that Caliban is willing to serve anyone, and desires to have a leader, as long as he is not a slave as Caliban is very unwilling to fetch wood for Prospero to whom he is a slave, theres wood enough within. However these human qualities are still intermingled with declarations that Caliban is a monster, this is some monster of the isle, and therefore the audience does not relate to him as if he were human meaning that Shakespeare maintains Calibans character as being below a human which is important especially to an Elizabethan audience to whom it would be too controversial to present a hideous looking, cursing, and hence evil monster as being like a human, therefore Shakespeare repeatedly includes declarations that he is a monster to affirm to the audience that he is still seen as being evil. Therefore, in conclusion, Shakespeare presents Caliban as being both inevitably evil, but with human or sympathetic qualities over a number of episodes, as his evil tendencies grow, that is to say that The Tempest begins with information that Caliban has tried to rape Miranda, and then we are informed that he is plotting to murder someone, however we are also shown through Calibans descriptions of the island, and descriptions of curses he receives from Prospero, that he has some human qualities for example fear. Shakespeare also presents Caliban as being un-teachable and intermingles the drawbacks of this, for instance he is un-teachable and therefore makes the same mistakes as he did with Prospero, with Trinculo and Stephano, and therefore we can see that perhaps Caliban is incapable of being anything other than a stupid monster. Shakespeare uses Caliban as a way of comparing the qualities of other characters with an evil monster. For some characters specifically Miranda this allows us to see how truly good she is however for other characters Antonio and Sebastian we can see that even though people may have an honourable upbringing, they are just as evil as Caliban a monster.